What's the Difference between Medicare and Medicaid?

The world of finance and investments is notorious for its extensive use of jargon. With a goal to enhance financial literacy and make the world of money more transparent, we have our “monthly jargon” articles that focus on debunking financial terms that are often used sans explanation. This month, we’re focusing on two prominent healthcare terms that, although phonetically similar, are crucially different in terms of what each provides for Americans: Medicare and Medicaid.

Medicare vs. Medicaid

Both established in 1965, Medicare and Medicaid are healthcare programs sponsored by the U.S. government that are designed to cover healthcare costs for qualifying American citizens. These programs are funded by taxpayers and have specific requirements for qualification and eligibility. Medicare offers medical coverage for Americans age 65 and older and for those with a qualifying disability, while Medicaid provides coverage for people with limited income and without access to other healthcare resources. Therein lies the primary difference between the two programs: Medicare has nothing to do with someone’s income level, whereas Medicaid has everything to do with a person’s income. You must qualify for Medicaid based on your financial status, while all Americans are eligible for Medicare once they turn age 65 or if they have a disability that qualifies them for Medicare. Both of these programs are complex and multi-faceted. Let’s take a deep dive into each.

Medicare: The Four-Part Program

Medicare is the primary provider of medical coverage for American seniors and disabled individuals. The program’s mission is to help provide healthcare coverage to U.S. citizens who are age 65 and older and who have certain disabilities. Medicare is a four-part program that involves the following: Hospital Insurance, Medical Insurance, Prescription Drug Coverage, Medicare Advantage Plans.

• Part A: Hospital Insurance – Part A can be viewed as hospitalization coverage. In general, this part helps cover in-patient care in hospitals, skilled nursing facility care, hospice care, nursing home care (inpatient care in a nursing facility that is not custodial or long-term care), and home health care. In addition to being age 65 or meeting the disability qualifications, to qualify, you or your spouse must have worked and paid Medicare taxes for a minimum of 10 years. Note that most people do not pay a premium for Medicare Part A; however, deductibles and coinsurance – the percentage of the cost of a covered healthcare service you pay after you have paid your deductible – do apply. The Part A deductible for 2022 is $1,556 for each benefit period. The benefit period is how Medicare measures your use of medical services. A benefit period begins the day you are admitted as an inpatient and ends when you have not received inpatient care for 60 consecutive days. You must pay the deductible for each benefit period before coverage kicks in, and there is no limit on the number of benefit periods you can have.
• Part B: Medical Insurance – If you are eligible for Medicare Part A, you are also eligible for Medicare Part B, which helps cover medically necessary equipment and services. In other words, Part B provides outpatient and medical coverage. Items that fall under Part B coverage include services from doctors and other healthcare providers, lab work, x-rays, outpatient care and surgeries, home healthcare, ambulance services, medical equipment like wheelchairs, walkers, and hospital beds, and preventative services like disease screenings, shots and vaccines, and annual wellness visits. For 2022, the Part B premium is $170.10, and deductibles and coinsurance apply. Note that individuals who earn more than $91,000 per year ($182,000 for a couple) are required to pay more for Part B.
• Part D: Prescription Drug Coverage – Medicare Part D helps cover the cost of prescription drugs, including many shots and vaccines. Participants pay for Part D plans out-of-pocket and are required to pay monthly premiums, an annual deductible, and copayments for certain prescriptions. These costs vary by plan. You join a Part D plan in addition to Original Medicare (Part A and Part B) or you can obtain Part D coverage by joining a Medicare Advantage plan with drug coverage (see below). If you are enrolled in a Medicare Advantage Plan, you will only need to consider Part D coverage if your plan does not include it.
• Part C: Medicare Advantage Plans – I’m covering Part C last because it is somewhat in its own category. You must be eligible for Medicare Part A and Part B to be eligible for Medicare Part C, which is also known as Medicare Advantage. Medicare Advantage is a Medicare-approved plan from a private company that offers an alternative to Original Medicare, the latter referring to Medicare Part A and Part B. Because Medicare Part C plans are offered by private insurance companies approved by Medicare, these plans work similarly to other private health insurance plans. With Medicare Advantage Plans, you are often required to use doctors in your plan’s network. People opt for Medicare Advantage because such a plan may have lower out-of-pocket costs than Original Medicare and reduce the costs of purchasing services separately. Medicare Advantage Plans also offer additional benefits that Original Medicare does not like coverage for hearing, dental, vision services, and prescription drug coverage. However, Medicare Advantage Plans put an annual cap on out-of-pocket expenses, unlike Original Medicare, and these plans restrict you to a smaller, local network of doctors and healthcare providers. Although people tend to select a Medicare Advantage Plan because it covers more benefits than Original Medicare (Part A and Part B), the extra coverage comes at a price. Individuals cannot opt-out of Original Medicare, so if you go with a Medicare Advantage Plan, you will need to continue paying the premiums for Part A and Part B on top of your Part C premium.

It is important to note that if you are already claiming Social Security benefits, you will be automatically enrolled in Original Medicare, Medicare Part A, and Medicare Part B, upon turning age 65. Otherwise, you can sign up during your Initial Enrollment Period, which is a seven-month period that starts three months before your 65^th birthday, includes the month of your 65^th birthday, and ends three months following your 65^th birthday. If you miss your Initial Enrollment Period, you can register during the General Medicare Enrollment Period, which is from January 1 to March 31 every year, and your coverage will start on July 1. You may also be eligible for a Special Enrollment Period if you have had a certain qualifying life event. If you miss these enrollment opportunities, you will most likely have to wait for the annual Medicare Open Enrollment Period in the fall. It is during this annual Medicare Open Enrollment Period that you can make Medicare coverage changes that involve switching and/or adding/dropping plans.

Medicare vs. Long-Term Care

Medicare does not cover long-term care – often called custodial care, meaning non-medical care that can be provided by non-licensed caregivers. Most nursing home care is custodial – in other words, non-medical – care, which is care that involves assistance with daily living activities like dressing, eating, using the bathroom, personal hygiene and bathing, and mobility. Most long-term care is not medical care; however, some long-term care is known as skilled care that can only be provided by or under the supervision of skilled or licensed medical professionals. Although Medicare does not cover long-term nursing care, Medicare does help pay for recovery in a skilled nursing care facility after a minimum of a three-day hospital stay. Medicare will cover the total cost of skilled nursing care for the first 20 days, after which you must pay a daily coinsurance, which typically involves Medicare paying 80% of the cost and you paying 20% of the cost for the next 80 days. Skilled nursing care beyond 100 days is not covered by Original Medicare.

What About Medigap?

Medicare Supplemental Insurance is known as Medigap. This is additional coverage you can purchase from a private insurance company that helps pay for your share of costs in Original Medicare (Medicare Part A and Part B). Overall, Medigap is designed to fill the coverage gaps of Original Medicare, and it helps cover coinsurance, deductibles, and copayments under Medicare Part A and Part B. There are 12 standardized Medigap Plans approved by the Federal Government: Plans A, B, C, D, F, F-High Deductible, G, G-High Deductible, K, L, M, and N. The benefits in each plan type are the same. For example, Plan F coverage is standardized across the board regardless of which private insurance company you buy the coverage from.

Medicaid

Medicaid is a joint federal and state program designed to help low-income Americans of all ages pay for medical and long-term custodial care. Medicaid provides health coverage for people with limited income and resources, and through the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA), nearly all legal U.S. residents and citizens with incomes 138% below the Federal Poverty Line qualify for Medicaid coverage.

Medicaid benefits vary by state; however, the Federal Government mandates coverage for a range of services, including doctor services, pediatric services, family planning, nursing facility services, hospitalization, family nurse practitioner services, laboratory services, x-rays, home healthcare for people eligible for nursing facility services, midwife services, and clinic treatment. States also have the option to include additional benefits, and some states do offer prescription drug coverage, optometry services, dental services, medical transportation, and physical therapy.

Overall, Medicare pays first, and Medicaid pays second. In other words, Medicaid covers costs after Medicare, employer group health insurance plans, and/or Medigap have paid. If you have Medicare and full Medicaid coverage, a majority of your healthcare costs are likely covered.

Final Points

Healthcare coverage is a complex topic, and it is essential to consult a financial advisor to thoroughly evaluate your financial life to determine what coverage options are optimal for you. Understanding the benefits through these plans and leveraging the proper coverage when the time comes can vastly impact your financial plan.